Ps330 Final - 3059 Words

Final Psychology Paper Kaplan University PS 330 – Personality Development Final analysis paper As the semester reaches the end my mind is enriched in psychological theories that can be applied to everyday use. Obtaining the knowledge of these theories has allowed me to analyze, critically think, and dissect the dimensions of personality. For my final work of this course I have chosen Florence Nightingale. Nightingale is such a significant person in my career field as a registered professional nurse; she of course is the unsung hero of my profession and an outstanding pioneer of her time. There aren’t as many influential nursing figures in history as there are musicians, entertainers, or even sports players. We must always peer†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"In these conditions, it was not surprising that in army hospitals, war wounds only accounted for one death in six. Diseases such as typhus, cholera, and dysentery were the main reasons why the death rate was so high amongst wounded soldiers† (Spartacus, 2011,  ¶ 10). Nightingale we nt on to establish sanitary guidelines to improve nursing quality, statistical ways of obtaining data, and most importantly environmental factors to improve patient quality. What we know of Florence Nightingale is that although she was born into a wealthy family, she had a different drive in her life towards helping other humans. Nightingale demonstrated pure altruism, but why? What constitutes for her behaviors and traits, there must be a key to unlocking the personality development of Florence Nightingale. Discussion and Evaluation with Psychological theories and approaches Through psychoanalytic theory Adler spoke of the pampered child, we have learned that Nightingale’s father was highly involved in her life and she was quite wealthy. Many during this time period would view her as spoiled, but her later developed altruistic personality does not coincide. Cloninger, Allen, amp; Schustack (2008) said â€Å"Some of Adler’s most critical remarks were directed towards parental pampering. Children who are treated with overindulgence come to expect that others will cater to their needs. They are in a word, spoiled† (p.107). Even though Nightingale lived this â€Å"spoiled†

Case Study A Treatment Plan For Any Complex Case

Case Study: Gary When developing a treatment plan for any complex case, it is critical to consider any factors that contribute to the client’s situation. One must generate a plan of action that will support the client appropriately and yet not be overwhelming. It often takes a long time for a client to come to terms that they need help. For many, seeking mental health services can be both a daunting and intimidating laden with feelings of failure and disappointment. In this case, a detailed one-year treatment plan was created to support Gary, a 13-year old boy who has been brought to mental health services by his mother, Emily (a single parent). Emily feels Gary needs help with his hostility toward his three-year old sister, Grace.†¦show more content†¦Using measurable goals, the treatment plan sets out specific times for review and considerations for monitoring progress. During the creation of the treatment plan, the clinician identified potential problems, recorded DSM-5 clinical impressions, and determined what mental health treatment steps could be taken to help stabilize this family. To ensure success, the treatment plan offers a logical flow of potential mental health treatment issues, identifies potential barriers, and provided possible strategies to mitigated these barriers. The treatment plan includes specific measurable qualitative and quantitative objective outcomes over a year-long treatment. Although success requires the involvement of other professionals, the focus of the treatment plan is on the work of the clinician with the family and only non-specific suggestions for outside support are listed. Had the case provided more details about the family’s residence, increased details about community resources might have been added (like the contact information for the Health Center, a Big-Brother organization, a single-parent support group, a subsided day-care resource, etc.). The treatment plan resembles a clients’ treatment plan in a mental health agency using the Child and Youth Mental Health (CYMH) 5331 treatmentShow MoreRelatedEmpirical Methods and Psychology Essay914 Words   |  4 Pagespsychologists base their choices. Some feel that they must be empirically-supported treatments, treatments backed by hard data and scientifically supported. Others feel that this standard for treatments is much too confining for the complex field of psychology and that many good treatments cannot be backed by hard data. The American Psychological Association President Task Force on Evidence-Based Treatment came out with a plan for psychology that effectively maintains a high scientific standard but allowsRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1671 Words   |  7 Pagesthan women. Each symptom of schizophrenia varies from person to person. There is not a set of specific symptoms that show whether a person is schizophrenic or not. There are several symptoms that will assist in diagnosing schizophrenia, as well as treatments that can help an individual try to control schizophrenia. Some of the most common symptoms of schizophrenia are: perturbations in cognition, delusions, and hallucinations, other symptoms of schizophrenia are: avolition, algogia, anhedonia, flatRead MoreInvestigating the Effects of Observer Presence on Individuals Work-Related Behavior1169 Words   |  5 Pages1. The lecture on Observation Skills stated, your involvement and immersion in the study has affected those being studied, your findings, and yourself. Analyze how the presence of an observer could impact the study being conducted. Observation of participants behavior in real time can afford many advantages that include ability to see behavior for what it is in a real time situation, researcher doesnt need to go to the trouble and expense of preparing interviews or surveys that may anywayRead MoreEvidence-Based Treatment847 Words   |  4 Pagesfoundations of psychology. The main issue is in determining what treatments for patients are valid. Some feel that they must be empirically- supported treatments, treatments backed by hard data and scientifically supported. Others feel that this standard for treatments is much too confining for the complex field of psychology. The American Psychological Association President Task Force on Evidence-Based Treatment came out with a plan for psychology that effectively maintains a high scientific standardRead MoreAn Autoimmune Disorder That Directly Affects The Thyroid Gland1539 Words   |  7 PagesStates population is affected by Graves’ Disease and 60-80% of patients affected with Graves’ disease are diagnosed with hyperthyroidism [2]. The approximate female to male ratio is 5/1, with majority of those cases being diagnosed in adults over the age of 20. The peak incidence of cases fall between 40-60 years old [3]. In addition, a higher incidence of Graves’ Disease appears in African Americans and persons of Asian descent as compared to Caucasians in the United States. Graves’ Disease is diagnosedRead MoreDifferential Diagnosis : How Asthma Should Be Considered During The Assessment Of A Child With Severe Or Difficult Asthma1444 Words   |  6 Pagescorticosteroid receptor and pharmacokinetic abnormalities has been linked to a poor response to corticosteroids in children. Therefore, corticosteroid sensitivity testing done at specialized centers could be considered such as a corticosteroid pharmacokinetic studies and corticosteroid lymphocyte stimulation assays. [54,55]ATS/ERS 2014 guidelines on severe asthma suggested that chest CT scans be done only when atypical symptoms are present, and do not recommend collection of sputum eosinophils or FENO routinelyRead MoreEssay On Type 2 Diabetes1689 Words   |  7 PagesReducing Type II Diabetes within our African American Community According to Healthy People 2020 (2014), diabetes affects over 29 million people in the United States, with another estimated 28 percent of the population having undiagnosed cases. Of those at risk, African Americans are almost 2 times more likely to be diagnosed as opposed to their Caucasian counterparts. Many preventable associated factors include limited knowledge regarding disease processes, healthy diet, and limited knowledge ofRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Medical Records1568 Words   |  7 Pagesto her neck, right shoulder, right arm, and right knee. She had X-rays and MRI post injury. Her right knee swelled, but improved right after she received treatment for her right shoulder and right knee. She received PT and chiropractic treatment twice a week, medications and surgery to her right shoulder in May 2015. She has received no treatment for her neck or left shoulder. She has not received acupuncture. The patient presented today with complaints of occasional, mild to mod erate, throbbing neckRead MoreEssay On Pressure Ulcers1347 Words   |  6 Pageswithin those updates, this information falls short according to Moore, Webster, Samuriwo (2015). The main limitation of the study is the lack of a control group in pressure ulcer prevention and treatment. There is no clarity in the specific criterion that contributed to improved clinical outcomes. Teams used more than one method in the research project. Also, there is no study that meant the inclusion criteria in the random clinical trials. The lack of standardized evidence such as the stages in pressureRead MoreWhat Is Schizophrenia?1499 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Schizophrenia? The study of schizophrenia dates back to the early 1800’s, when a guy by the name of John Haslam published a book called â€Å"Observations of Insanity†. In his book he goes into detail about the case studies or patents that show symptoms that we could categorize as schizophrenia disorder (John Haslam). By the end of the 19th Century the concept of schizophrenia was made known by a German psychiatrist by the name of Emil Krapelin. He basically took what he learned from Haslam

Studying in Your Hometown vs Studying Abroad free essay sample

You finish high school with a heart full of eager and ambition. You fly across the globe to get the perfect education or maybe the perfect life. The options abroad are definitely wider and more varied, but will this help you reach the perfect life you ought to have? Although studying abroad would probably open doors to big and golden opportunities in life, it will put you at a risk of forgetting you are. Leaving your hometown and living In a foreign country, your life undergoes major changes.The first thing that changes Is your lifestyle. Your way of living changes drastically that you are not even breathing the same alarm you used to breathe. Everything changes; what you eat, what you do on weekends, how you spend your day, and in time you develop a new lifestyle for yourself. This is not the only thing that changes but something even bigger does; your values. We will write a custom essay sample on Studying in Your Hometown vs Studying Abroad or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It happens quite often that when you travel to a foreign country, you face conflicts in your cultural values. For example, a man and a woman can have a full relationship before marriage.While hat is acceptable and legal in that foreign country, it is completely prohibited and illegal in your country and goes against your beliefs. However over time, you will either step on your values to adapt or isolate yourself from the society you are living in. You also build a new social community for yourself; with new friends, new neighbors, and new colleagues. Eventually you have a new life; you become a new person. It has been said that distance makes the heart grow cold. In the beginning they are regular phone calls and messages back and forth.Regular becomes casual, and usual becomes rare, and rare becomes never. When you are living abroad, you are most likely to detach from your old memories, friends and family. You come back expecting life to be where you have left off, but the truth is; friends move on, small siblings are not small anymore, places look different.. . Even the simplest of routines like watching a movie with your small brother every Friday has changed because his life is too occupied now and there is no more room for you in it anymore. Being In the early stages of life, the desire to be someone Is overwhelming.You end to be more ambitious as a teen. This ambitiousness may come on the expense of other Important values In life; your family. Your family defines your Identity, If you lose them, you lose your Identity. They decide what religion you believe In, your nationality and where you come from, and your culture and the traditions you follow. Degree, you will start looking for suitable career options. You may even come across golden opportunities that happen to be more appealing than those in your hometown. So you decide to stay in that foreign country.You Live, grow up, get aired, and make a life there. Your family is no longer an acting role in your life. They mean nothing but a memory now. So here comes the moment of truth. Is it better to stay home where everything is and will always be familiar? Where your family is? And where youve been raised? The 4 years of college are usually the decisive years of your life. They decide how you will be living for the next 20 or 30 years. You may lose yourself along the way, and by the time you realize it, it would be too late to come back. So set your priorities and decide wisely.

Management Accounting Budgeting Process

Question: Critically discuss the challenges in todays business environment and assess the relevance of budgeting in todays business. Answer: Introduction This study deals with understanding the limitations of annual budgeting process that is adopted by the companies at the time of making business decisions (Wilson, 2013). It has been criticized that annual budgeting is incompetent in meeting the demands of the competitive market in information age. The above statement has been argued and debated by bringing the limitations of annual budgeting system. In this particular assignment proper emphasis has been given on critically analyzing the challenges in recent business environment as well as assessing the relevance of budgeting in the business. Several measures had been identified that will help in mitigating the potential difficulties faced by annual budgeting system (Roche, 2014). In the recent years, it has been found that yearly budgets are accused of being unable of meeting the demands of the spirited surroundings especially in the information age (Drury, 2015). Some of the critics (management consultants) are of the opinion and tried in persuading the companies for changing their management models as part of the criticism. This has been classified as hyperbole. It has been observed that some real actions had taken place in countries like Sweden whereby large companies have abandoned the traditional budgets as a whole. Academic researchers have even showed little interest in this particular phenomenon. The present segment deals with investigating the validity of the criticism as perceived by CFO (Chief Financial Officer) as well as other high-ranking officers especially in large Finnish companies (Mahon McGowan, 2013). According to the result of the survey, few companies planned in abandoning the annual budget. At the same time, some number of respondents majorly represents companies that intend in holding on to the annual budget that indicate strong agreement considering the main elements of the criticism. Some of the respondents are of the opinion that alternative or complementary systems are mostly similar to existing Balanced Scorecard like financial forecasts and monitoring systems (Bourmistrov Kaarbe, 2013). Balanced Scorecard approach play important role as it maintains internal effectiveness as well as communicate information with the shareholders and other interested parties. As rightly put forward by Roberts (2015), Traditional annual budgets belong to the ordinary decision-making tools that are used by organization for various purposes. Addition to that, these conventional budgets based upon given annual secretarial periods as well as associated with forecasting of simple monetary indicators for decentralization of business units. Budgeting is connected with the planning of activities that defines the designing of desired future as well as effective ways. On the contrary, budgets mean detailed plans or plans used for transforming into currency units. This means budgets give the strategic ideas that will be transformed into understandable operative actions (Petrick Quinn, 2014). According to Lohan (2013), there is some evidence noticed whereby traditional budgeting is based upon automatic alteration of non-financial forecasting in the monetary statements by focusing real needs of an association. In other words, it explains the problems related to rigidity of traditional budgets and this act as a restraint as well as inability in taking on board changes in a newly business environment. There is strong criticism noticed relating to traditional budgeting mechanisms (Bourmistrov Kaarbe, 2013). It majorly focus on incapability of traditional budgeting that reflects upon real performance of a particular organization. This will help in utilizing the performance that act as significant issue of worker assessment. On the contrary, other authors balance that traditional budgeting is a relic of the past ages as well as cannot be helpful for bringing change in circumstances as well as necessities in the innovative information age (Mahon McGowan, 2013). Discussion Budgeting as well as planning practices are facing dramatic changes in the present contemporary business environment (Kaplan Norton, 2014). In other words, Traditional annual budgets are widely used for control purposes as well as criticized by limitations that have been replaced by flexible systems resulting to increased level of performance. The main cause of the trend reveals lack of flexibility in traditional budgets that is itself incapable for representing the relevant system of gauging performance. It has been noted that limitation of traditional budgets reveals inflexibility in connecting with changes in the business environment. This help in highlighting the increased unpredictability of business environment as well as bringing out the problems relating to rapid changes at the time of financial crisis that took place in the year 2008. In some circumstances, the expected study was the predictability of individual features of budgets that is relatively low whereby companies g ive accurate predictable future events. It is also intended for comparing the level of predictability of the budget features with given GDP indicators as used by measuring the economy fluctuation levels (Kaplan Atkinson, 2015). It has been noted that high level of predictability for a company revenues as well as material input prices leading to availability of input material from the suppliers (Horngren et al., 2013). In other words, least predictability was noticed at the time of understanding the ability of behavior of competitors. This reveals the predictability of customer demands that is easy in understanding in most of the cases. It was found that greater predictability of external environment will be compared with the Czech companies. Hereby, Czech companies will be acting as suppliers to other EU companies for selling the product on retail market. This will help in negotiating with the future events signifying Czech companies for working in a far predictable environment (Mahon McGowan, 2013). At the time of comparing the level of predictability as well as economy environment fluctuations, it was easy to relate perceived level of predictability in the given budgeting process after viewing the GDP fl uctuations. Most of the Czech companies can less predict the individual features of budgets aligning with higher GDP fluctuation levels. There is huge difference between USA and Canada as they are significant in making relevant conclusions at the time of presenting relevant statistical verification. This includes accuracy of the study that has the potential in influencing the fact whereby there is GDP indicators and fluctuations. These are strongly dependent on economy structure as well as selected time periods (Ekholm Wallin, 2013). Therefore, it is essential for considering the fact by mentioning the possible effects of financial crisis that has negative effect in the accuracy of the study. As rightly put forward by Drury (2015), Traditional budgeting has been majorly criticized for several reasons and limitations. Addition to that, it was claimed that budgeting is incompetent as well as unproductive and incomprehensive. This reveals how budgets get into conflict when an association uses general budget for several purpose like motivation as well as planning. It takes into consideration budgeting as well as planning as an annual ritual for several companies by using additional mechanisms for eradicating weakness. Most of the managers agree with their research that budgeting is ineffective as well as inefficient as it estimates the volume of resources (Bourmistrov Kaarbe, 2013). Budgets act as one of the most contentious decision-making tool. Budgets are even criticize as it is lengthy in nature. Preparation of budgets requires lot of guesswork that takes managerial time that is roughly 20% of time. However, budgets fails in taking into account the major aspects such as customer and quality that leads to ineffective practices in a business changing environment. Therefore, it has been argued that option to traditional budgets are not way considered as budgetary development but superior organization process at the same time (Mahon McGowan, 2013). Measures in Mitigating the Limitations of Budget There are several measures that should be used in minimizing the limitations as far as possible. Efforts should be made in cutting government spending by reducing fiscal deficit. For instance, in Canada they reduced the public spending in significant terms. The other measure is tax increases such as high taxes increase revenues that will help in reducing the budget deficit at the same time. Efforts should be made in lowering the spending as well as lead to fall in economic growth In order to reduce the fiscal deficits; government should be using a combination of policies. One of the key factors will be the timing of deficit reduction plans (Bourmistrov Kaarbe, 2013). The best way in reducing the budget deficit by positive economic growth Conclusion This study elucidates in presenting the overview of companies for predicting the various features of budgets as well as relations with economic fluctuations at the same time. This will contribute towards the discussion in the accounting field. There are several limitations noted in the study such as size of the sample at the time of surveying the subjectivity of the poll as well as results indicating current approach of individual firms in the budgeting process. This aims at indicating the ability of the firm in predicting the individual features of budget depending upon the fluctuations of the budget as measured by using GDP indicator. Reference List Bourmistrov, A., Kaarbe, K. (2013). From comfort to stretch zones: A field study of two multinational companies applying beyond budgeting ideas. Management Accounting Research, 24(3), 196-211. Drury, C. (2015). Management and Cost Accounting 9th Edition, London: Cengage Learning Ekholm, B.G. Wallin, J., (2013). Is the annual budget really dead?. European Accounting Review, 9(4), pp.519-539. Horngren, C. T., Sundem, G. L., Schatzberg, J. O., Burgstahler, D. (2013). Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Kaplan, R. S., Atkinson, A. A. (2015). Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Kaplan, R. S., Norton, D. P. (2014). The strategy-focused organization: How balanced scorecard companies thrive in the new business environment. Harvard Business Press. Lohan, G. (2013). A Brief History of Budgeting: Reflections on Beyond Budgeting, Its Link to Performance Management and Its Appropriateness for Software Development. In Lean Enterprise Software and Systems (pp. 81-105). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Mahon, J. F., McGowan, R. (2013). Industry as a player in the political and social arena: Defining the competitive environment. Greenwood Publishing Group. Petrick, J. A., Quinn, J. F. (2014). The challenge of leadership accountability for integrity capacity as a strategic asset. Journal of Business Ethics, 34(3-4), 331-343. Roberts, A. (2015). Blacked out: Government secrecy in the information age. Cambridge University Press. Roche, E. M. (2014). Managing information technology in multinational corporations. Barraclough Ltd. Wilson, J. (2013). Financial management for the public services. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).

Nevermind by Nirvana free essay sample

Bleach was fantastically raw and metal-ish; Incesticide was filled with punk-y b-sides; Nevermind was full of catchy poppy melodies; Unplugged was an album of haunting, acoustic, tunes; and In Utero? In Utero was a combination of that. The last studio album by Nirvana (unless you count Unplugged) is all of those things mixed together. With this record, they captured a more abrasive sound than Nevermind, while still keeping their sound more musical than say, Bleach. The album kicks off with â€Å"Serve The Servants†, a song in â€Å"loud-quiet-loud† format. And it ends with a song I find slower and quieter called â€Å"All Apologies† Nirvana was the first band to TRULY popularize the grunge sound. You’ve probably heard this a million times before but they took punk to the masses. Instead of just marketing their own punk-y sound though, they also sort of, in a way, advertised other great punk/grunge/alternative bands like Sonic Youth and The Pixies, getting more people into that kind of music. We will write a custom essay sample on Nevermind by Nirvana or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Despite the fact that Nirvana is this amazing band that almost everyone knows and likes, SOME people have this idea that their overrated. Some people think they killed punk. Some people overlook the actual music of the band and instead, they focus on the devastating suicide of their lead singer, Kurt Cobain. They overlook the actual music of the band and instead, they focus on all the horrible drugs he did. They overlook the actual music of the band and instead focus on the fact that he married a so-called â€Å"crazy b****† AKA Courtney Love (I actually like her, judge me) of the band Hole. The music is great, in my opinion. As I’ve basically already stated, their songs are full of shredding guitars, and scream-y vocals that are filled with emotion yet they still manage to keep their songs listenable, catchy, even. The lyrics may be a little nonsensical, I don’t know, but the way he sings them, and the way they go with the music, is just phenomenal. But despite what people say, Nirvana are great. Give them a chance, and by giving them a chance, I mean, listen to actual albums. Don’t just listen to the popular songs off Nevermind, like, â€Å"Smells Like Teen Spirit† or â€Å"Come As You Are†. The main theme of the article is this: LISTEN TO IN UTERO!!!!!

Profiles of Famous Black Scientists

Profiles of Famous Black Scientists Black scientists, engineers, and inventors have made important contributions to society. These profiles of famous people will help you learn about black scientists, engineers, inventors and their projects. Key Takeaways: Famous Black Scientists Famous black scientists include Mae Jemison, George Washington Carver, and Charles Drew.Although these scientists often faced discrimination, both men and women made significant contributions to science.Black scientists were innovators, inventors, and pioneers who made astounding discoveries. Patricia Bath In 1988, Patricia Bath invented the Cataract Laser Probe, a device that painlessly removes cataracts. Prior to this invention, cataracts were surgically removed. Patricia Bath founded the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness. In 1988, Patricia Bath invented the Cataract Laser Probe, a device that painlessly removes cataracts. Prior to this invention, cataracts were surgically removed. Patricia Bath founded the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness. Melvin Oatis and Dr. Patricia Bath attend TIME Celebrates FIRSTS on September 12, 2017 in New York City. Ben Gabbe / Getty Images George Washington Carver George Washington Carver was an agricultural chemist who discovered industrial uses for crop plants such as sweet potatoes, peanuts, and soybeans. He developed methods for improving the soil. Carver recognized that legumes return nitrates to the soil. His work led to crop rotation. Carver was born a slave in Missouri. He struggled to gain an education, eventually graduating from what was to become Iowa State University. He joined the faculty of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama in 1986. Tuskegee is where he performed his famous experiments. George Washington Carver in Laboratory. Corbis via Getty Images / Getty Images Marie Daly In 1947, Marie Daly became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry. The majority of her career was spent as a college professor. In addition to her research, she developed programs to attract and aid minority students in medical and graduate school. Mae Jemison Mae Jemison is a retired medical doctor and American astronaut. In 1992, she became the first black woman in space. She holds a degree in chemical engineering from Stanford and a degree in medicine from Cornell. She remains very active in science and technology. Mae Jemison speaks to students at Woodrow Wilson High School on March 19, 2009 in Washington, DC. Brendan Hoffman / Getty Images Percy Julian Percy Julian developed the anti-glaucoma drug physostigmine. Dr. Julian was born in Montgomery, Alabama, but educational opportunities for African Americans were limited in the South at that time, so he received his undergraduate degree from DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana. His research was conducted at DePauw University. Samuel Massie Jr. In 1966, Massie became the first black professor at the U.S. Naval Academy, making him the first black to teach full-time at any US military academy. Massie received a masters degree in chemistry from Fisk University and a doctorate in organic chemistry from Iowa State University. Massie was a professor of chemistry at the Naval Academy, became the chairman of the department of chemistry and co-founded the Black Studies program. Garrett Morgan Garrett Morgan is responsible for several inventions. Garret Morgan was born in Paris, Kentucky in 1877. His first invention was a hair straightening solution. October 13, 1914, he patented a Breathing Device which was the first gas mask. The patent described a hood attached to a long tube that had an opening for air and the second tube with a valve that allowed air to be exhaled. On November 20, 1923, Morgan patented the first traffic signal in the U.S. He later patented the traffic signal in England and Canada. Norbert Rillieux Norbert Rillieux invented a revolutionary new process for refining sugar. Rillieux’s most famous invention was a multiple effect evaporator, which harnessed steam energy from boiling sugarcane juice, greatly reducing refining costs. One of Rillieuxs patents was initially declined because it was believed he was a slave and therefore not a US citizen (Rillieux was free). Katherine Johnson Katherine Johnson (born August 26, 1918) made major contributions to the United States space program in the field of digital electronic computers. The book and movie Hidden Figures feature the significance of her work. Katherine Johnson (middle) at the 89th Annual Academy Awards. FilmMagic / Getty Images James West James West (born February 10, 1931) invented the microphone in the 1960s. He holds 47 US patents and over 200 foreign patents for microphones and polymer foil electrets. Wests transducers are used in over 90 percent of microphones in use today. Ernest Everett Just Ernest Just (1883-1941) was an African-American scientist and teacher. He pioneered research into cell development and fertilization. Benjamin Banneker Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806) was a self-educated astronomer and mathematician. He surveyed the land that became the nations capitol. Banneker exchanged letters with Thomas Jefferson to further the cause of racial equality.

Stanley Fischer's model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stanley Fischer's model - Essay Example (Taylor) Implicit wage contracts is when workers are risk averse and employers are not, an implicit contract may be made with an understanding over "compromise" basic pay and hours. This may or may not generate nominal wage rigidity. Contracts like this may be non-implementable if there is asymmetric information. The Policy Ineffectiveness Proposition (PIP) is the idea in new classical economics that rational expectations implies that government policy can have no impact on real economic variables. (Wikipedia) Policy ineffectiveness proposition is a monetary policy which is an output stabilizer. It does not affect the real flow of output but rather, surprises and stabilizes the economy. It implies that in a place where the population has rational expectations, government policies which are made to influence the economy into a level of production will never be effective. Due to the flexibility of the price and wages, changes will be anticipated and adjusted on implemented policies thus it does not affect aggregated policies. Policy implications during this economic stage are; government should not do any activist policy because government should know the public's expectation and public will also try to anticipate government's expectation about the public. Just before the new Keynesian model was formulated, it was believed that the formulation of government policies does not have any direct effect on wages and prices in the market unless a surprise monetary policy was released and discloses the economic status in a short wile. It was also believed that wages and prices are completely flexible and would directly adjust to the expected price levels unless otherwise, unanticipated changes occurs which affects cumulative outputs. Arratibel and Thomas states in the consequences of staggered wage setting for the credibility of monetary policy that "In contrast with the New-Keynesian theory, new classical economists argue that credibility problems are central to the disinflationary process, so that disinflation would be costless if the government announced credible commitments. But, if multi-period contracts lead to more lasting effects of monetary policy surprises, they will enhance the credibility (time consistency) problem of monetary policy." (1) Fischer started to investigate monetary policies focusing the wage and price rigidity of which, it was believed that the formulation of government policies does not have any direct effect on wages and prices in the market unless a surprise monetary policy was released and discloses the economic status in a short wile. It was also believed that wages and prices are completely flexible and would directly adjust to the expected price levels unless otherwise, unanticipated changes occurs which affects cumulative outputs. Due to the flexibility of the price and wages, changes will be anticipated and adjusted on implemented policies thus it does not affect aggregated policies. Stanley Fischer's model of